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NAME
       curl - transfer a URL

SYNOPSIS
       curl [options] [URL...]

DESCRIPTION
       curl  is  a tool to transfer data from or to a server, using one of the
       supported protocols (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS,  SCP,  SFTP,  TFTP,  DICT,
       TELNET,  LDAP  or  FILE).  The command is designed to work without user
       interaction.

       curl offers a busload of useful tricks like proxy support, user authen-
       tication,  ftp upload, HTTP post, SSL connections, cookies, file trans-
       fer resume and more. As you will see below, the number of features will
       make your head spin!

       curl  is  powered  by  libcurl  for  all transfer-related features. See
       libcurl(3) for details.

URL
       The URL syntax is protocol dependent. You'll find a  detailed  descrip-
       tion in RFC 3986.

       You  can  specify  multiple  URLs or parts of URLs by writing part sets
       within braces as in:

        http://site.{one,two,three}.com

       or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using [] as in:

        ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[1-100].txt
        ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[001-100].txt    (with leading zeros)
        ftp://ftp.letters.com/file[a-z].txt

       No nesting of the sequences is supported at the moment, but you can use
       several ones next to each other:

        http://any.org/archive[1996-1999]/vol[1-4]/part{a,b,c}.html

       You  can  specify  any amount of URLs on the command line. They will be
       fetched in a sequential manner in the specified order.

       Since curl 7.15.1 you can also specify step counter for the ranges,  so
       that you can get every Nth number or letter:
        http://www.numericals.com/file[1-100:10].txt
        http://www.letters.com/file[a-z:2].txt

       If  you  specify  URL  without protocol:// prefix, curl will attempt to
       guess what protocol you might want. It will then default  to  HTTP  but
       try  other  protocols based on often-used host name prefixes. For exam-
       ple, for host names starting with "ftp." curl will assume you  want  to
       speak FTP.

       Curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file transfers, so
       that getting many files from the same server will not do multiple  con-
       nects / handshakes. This improves speed. Of course this is only done on
       files specified on a single command line and  cannot  be  used  between
       separate curl invokes.

PROGRESS METER
       curl  normally  displays a progress meter during operations, indicating
       amount of transferred data, transfer speeds  and  estimated  time  left
       etc.

       However,  since  curl  displays data to the terminal by default, if you
       invoke curl to do an operation and it is about to  write  data  to  the
       terminal,  it disables the progress meter as otherwise it would mess up
       the output mixing progress meter and response data.

       If you want a progress meter for HTTP POST or PUT requests, you need to
       redirect  the  response  output to a file, using shell redirect (>), -o
       [file] or similar.

       It is not the same case for FTP upload as that operation is  not  spit-
       ting out any response data to the terminal.

       If you prefer a progress "bar" instead of the regular meter, -# is your
       friend.
OPTIONS
       -a/--append
              (FTP) When used in an FTP upload, this will tell curl to  append
              to  the  target  file  instead  of  overwriting  it. If the file
              doesn't exist, it will be created.

              If this option is used twice, the second one will disable append
              mode again.

       -A/--user-agent <agent string>
              (HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the HTTP server.
              Some  badly  done  CGIs  fail  if  this  field  isn't   set   to
              "Mozilla/4.0".  To  encode  blanks  in  the string, surround the
              string with single quote marks. This can also be  set  with  the
              -H/--header option of course.

              If  this  option is set more than once, the last one will be the
              one that's used.

       --anyauth
              (HTTP) Tells curl to figure out authentication method by itself,
              and  use the most secure one the remote site claims it supports.
              This is done by first doing a request and checking the response-
              headers,  thus  possibly  inducing  an extra network round-trip.
              This is  used  instead  of  setting  a  specific  authentication
              method,  which  you  can  do with --basic, --digest, --ntlm, and
              --negotiate.

              Note that using --anyauth is not recommended if you  do  uploads
              from  stdin, since it may require data to be sent twice and then
              the client must be able to rewind. If the need should arise when
              uploading from stdin, the upload operation will fail.

              If  this option is used several times, the following occurrences
              make no difference.

       -b/--cookie <name=data>
              (HTTP) Pass the data to the HTTP server as a cookie. It is  sup-
              posedly  the data previously received from the server in a "Set-
              Cookie:" line.  The data should be in the format  "NAME1=VALUE1;
              NAME2=VALUE2".

              If  no  '=' letter is used in the line, it is treated as a file-
              name to use to read previously stored cookie lines  from,  which
              should  be used in this session if they match. Using this method
              also activates the "cookie parser" which will make  curl  record
              incoming cookies too, which may be handy if you're using this in
              combination with the -L/--location option. The  file  format  of
              the  file  to  read cookies from should be plain HTTP headers or
              the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file format.

              NOTE that the file specified with -b/--cookie is  only  used  as
              input.  No cookies will be stored in the file. To store cookies,
              use the -c/--cookie-jar option or you could even save  the  HTTP
              headers to a file using -D/--dump-header!

              If  this  option is set more than once, the last one will be the
              one that's used.

       -B/--use-ascii
              Enable ASCII transfer when using FTP or LDAP. For FTP, this  can
              also  be enforced by using an URL that ends with ";type=A". This
              option causes data sent to stdout to be in text mode  for  win32
              systems.

              If  this option is used twice, the second one will disable ASCII
              usage.

       --basic
              (HTTP) Tells curl to use HTTP Basic authentication. This is  the
              default  and this option is usually pointless, unless you use it
              to override a  previously  set  option  that  sets  a  different
              authentication  method  (such  as --ntlm, --digest and --negoti-
              ate).

              If this option is used several times, the following  occurrences
              make no difference.

       --ciphers <list of ciphers>
              (SSL) Specifies which ciphers to use in the connection. The list
              of ciphers must be using valid ciphers. Read up  on  SSL  cipher
              list           details           on           this          URL:
              http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html

              NSS ciphers are done differently than OpenSSL  and  GnuTLS.  The
              full  list of NSS ciphers is in the NSSCipherSuite entry at this
              URL: http://directory.fedora.redhat.com/docs/mod_nss.html#Direc-
              tives

              If this option is used several times, the last one will override
              the others.

       --compressed
              (HTTP) Request a compressed response using one of the algorithms
              libcurl supports, and return the uncompressed document.  If this
              option is used and the server  sends  an  unsupported  encoding,
              Curl will report an error.

              If  this option is used several times, each occurrence will tog-
              gle it on/off.

       --connect-timeout <seconds>
              Maximum time in seconds that you allow  the  connection  to  the
              server  to  take.   This  only limits the connection phase, once
              curl has connected this option is of no more use. See  also  the
              -m/--max-time option.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -c/--cookie-jar <file name>
              Specify to which file you want curl to write all cookies after a
              completed  operation.  Curl  writes  all cookies previously read
              from a specified file as  well  as  all  cookies  received  from
              remote server(s). If no cookies are known, no file will be writ-
              ten. The file will be written using  the  Netscape  cookie  file
              format.  If  you  set  the  file name to a single dash, "-", the
              cookies will be written to stdout.

              NOTE If the cookie jar can't be created or written to, the whole
              curl operation won't fail or even report an error clearly. Using
              -v will get a warning displayed, but that is  the  only  visible
              feedback you get about this possibly lethal situation.

              If  this  option  is used several times, the last specified file
              name will be used.

       -C/--continue-at <offset>
              Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at  the  given  offset.
              The  given  offset  is  the  exact  number of bytes that will be
              skipped counted from the beginning of the source file before  it
              is  transferred  to  the destination.  If used with uploads, the
              ftp server command SIZE will not be used by curl.

              Use "-C -" to tell curl to automatically find out  where/how  to
              resume  the  transfer. It then uses the given output/input files
              to figure that out.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --create-dirs
              When  used  in  conjunction with the -o option, curl will create
              the necessary local directory hierarchy as needed.  This  option
              creates  the dirs mentioned with the -o option, nothing else. If
              the -o file name uses no dir or if the dirs it mentions  already
              exist, no dir will be created.

              To  create remote directories when using FTP or SFTP, try --ftp-
              create-dirs.

       --crlf (FTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS (OS/390).

              If this option is used several times, the following  occurrences
              make no difference.

       -d/--data <data>
              (HTTP)  Sends  the  specified data in a POST request to the HTTP
              server, in the same way that a browser  does  when  a  user  has
              filled  in an HTML form and presses the submit button. This will
              cause curl to pass the data to the server using the content-type
              application/x-www-form-urlencoded.  Compare to -F/--form.

              -d/--data  is  the  same  as  --data-ascii.  To post data purely
              binary, you should instead use the --data-binary option. To  URL
              encode the value of a form field you may use --data-urlencode.

              If  any of these options is used more than once on the same com-
              mand line, the data pieces specified  will  be  merged  together
              with  a  separating  &-letter.  Thus,  using  '-d name=daniel -d
              skill=lousy'  would  generate  a  post  chunk  that  looks  like
              'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.

              If  you  start  the data with the letter @, the rest should be a
              file name to read the data from, or - if you want curl  to  read
              the  data  from stdin.  The contents of the file must already be
              url-encoded. Multiple files can also be specified. Posting  data
              from  a file named 'foobar' would thus be done with --data @foo-
              bar.

       --data-binary <data>
              (HTTP) This posts data exactly as specified with no  extra  pro-
              cessing whatsoever.

              If  you  start  the data with the letter @, the rest should be a
              filename.  Data is posted in a similar  manner  as  --data-ascii
              does,  except  that  newlines  are preserved and conversions are
              never done.

              If this option is used several times,  the  ones  following  the
              first will append data. As described in -d/--data.

       --data-urlencode <data>
              (HTTP) This posts data, similar to the other --data options with
              the exception that this performs URL encoding. (Added in 7.18.0)
              To  be  CGI  compliant, the <data> part should begin with a name
              followed by a separator and a content specification. The  <data>
              part can be passed to curl using one of the following syntaxes:

              content
                     This  will make curl URL encode the content and pass that
                     on. Just be careful so that the content  doesn't  contain
                     any  =  or  @  letters, as that will then make the syntax
                     match one of the other cases below!

              =content
                     This will make curl URL encode the content and pass  that
                     on. The preceding = letter is not included in the data.

              name=content
                     This  will make curl URL encode the content part and pass
                     that on. Note that the name part is expected  to  be  URL
                     encoded already.

              @filename
                     This  will  make  curl  load  data  from  the  given file
                     (including any newlines), URL encode that data  and  pass
                     it on in the POST.

              name@filename
                     This  will  make  curl  load  data  from  the  given file
                     (including any newlines), URL encode that data  and  pass
                     it  on  in  the  POST.  The  name part gets an equal sign
                     appended, resulting in name=urlencoded-file-content. Note
                     that the name is expected to be URL encoded already.

       --digest
              (HTTP) Enables HTTP Digest authentication. This is a authentica-
              tion that prevents the password from being sent over the wire in
              clear  text.  Use  this in combination with the normal -u/--user
              option to set user name and password. See also --ntlm, --negoti-
              ate and --anyauth for related options.

              If  this option is used several times, the following occurrences
              make no difference.

       --disable-eprt
              (FTP) Tell curl to disable the use of the EPRT and LPRT commands
              when doing active FTP transfers. Curl will normally always first
              attempt to use EPRT, then LPRT before using PORT, but with  this
              option,  it  will  use PORT right away. EPRT and LPRT are exten-
              sions to the original FTP protocol, may not work on all  servers
              but  enable  more  functionality in a better way than the tradi-
              tional PORT command.

              If this option is used several times, each occurrence will  tog-
              gle this on/off.

       --disable-epsv
              (FTP)  Tell  curl  to  disable  the use of the EPSV command when
              doing passive FTP transfers. Curl  will  normally  always  first
              attempt  to  use EPSV before PASV, but with this option, it will
              not try using EPSV.

              If this option is used several times, each occurrence will  tog-
              gle this on/off.

       -D/--dump-header <file>
              Write the protocol headers to the specified file.

              This  option  is handy to use when you want to store the headers
              that a HTTP site sends to you. Cookies from  the  headers  could
              then  be  read  in a second curl invoke by using the -b/--cookie
              option! The -c/--cookie-jar option is however a  better  way  to
              store cookies.

              When  used  on FTP, the ftp server response lines are considered
              being "headers" and thus are saved there.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -e/--referer <URL>
              (HTTP)  Sends the "Referer Page" information to the HTTP server.
              This can also be set with the -H/--header flag of course.   When
              used  with -L/--location you can append ";auto" to the --referer
              URL to make curl automatically set the previous URL when it fol-
              lows  a  Location: header. The ";auto" string can be used alone,
              even if you don't set an initial --referer.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --engine <name>
              Select  the  OpenSSL crypto engine to use for cipher operations.
              Use --engine list  to  print  a  list  of  build-time  supported
              engines.  Note  that  not  all  (or  none) of the engines may be
              available at run-time.

       --environment
              (RISC OS ONLY) Sets a range of environment variables, using  the
              names the -w option supports, to easier allow extraction of use-
              ful information after having run curl.

              If this option is used several times, each occurrence will  tog-
              gle this on/off.

       --egd-file <file>
              (SSL)  Specify  the  path  name  to the Entropy Gathering Daemon
              socket. The socket is used to seed the  random  engine  for  SSL
              connections. See also the --random-file option.

       -E/--cert <certificate[:password]>
              (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file when get-
              ting a file with HTTPS or FTPS. The certificate must be  in  PEM
              format.   If  the  optional password isn't specified, it will be
              queried for on the terminal. Note that  this  option  assumes  a
              "certificate"  file that is the private key and the private cer-
              tificate concatenated! See --cert  and  --key  to  specify  them
              independently.

              If  curl  is  built against the NSS SSL library then this option
              tells curl the nickname of the certificate to use within the NSS
              database  defined  by  the  environment  variable SSL_DIR (or by
              default /etc/pki/nssdb). If the NSS  PEM  PKCS#11  module  (lib-
              nsspem.so) is available then PEM files may be loaded.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --cert-type <type>
              (SSL) Tells curl what certificate type the provided  certificate
              is in. PEM, DER and ENG are recognized types.  If not specified,
              PEM is assumed.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --cacert <CA certificate>
              (SSL) Tells curl to use the specified certificate file to verify
              the peer. The file may contain  multiple  CA  certificates.  The
              certificate(s)  must be in PEM format. Normally curl is built to
              use a default file for this, so this option is typically used to
              alter that default file.

              curl  recognizes the environment variable named 'CURL_CA_BUNDLE'
              if that is set, and uses the given path as a path to a  CA  cert
              bundle. This option overrides that variable.

              The  windows  version  of  curl will automatically look for a CA
              certs file named 'curl-ca-bundle.crt', either in the same direc-
              tory as curl.exe, or in the Current Working Directory, or in any
              folder along your PATH.

              If curl is built against the NSS SSL library  then  this  option
              tells  curl the nickname of the CA certificate to use within the
              NSS database defined by the environment variable SSL_DIR (or  by
              default  /etc/pki/nssdb).   If  the NSS PEM PKCS#11 module (lib-
              nsspem.so) is available then PEM files may be loaded.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --capath <CA certificate directory>
              (SSL)  Tells  curl to use the specified certificate directory to
              verify the peer. The certificates must be in PEM format, and the
              directory  must  have  been processed using the c_rehash utility
              supplied with openssl. Using --capath can  allow  curl  to  make
              SSL-connections much more efficiently than using --cacert if the
              --cacert file contains many CA certificates.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -f/--fail
              (HTTP)  Fail  silently (no output at all) on server errors. This
              is mostly done like this to better enable scripts etc to  better
              deal  with  failed  attempts. In normal cases when a HTTP server
              fails to deliver a document, it returns an HTML document stating
              so  (which  often  also  describes why and more). This flag will
              prevent curl from outputting that and return error 22.

              This method is not fail-safe and there are occasions where  non-
              successful  response  codes  will  slip through, especially when
              authentication is involved (response codes 401 and 407).

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              silent failure.

       --ftp-account [data]
              (FTP) When an FTP server asks for "account data" after user name
              and password has been provided, this data is sent off using  the
              ACCT command. (Added in 7.13.0)

              If  this option is used twice, the second will override the pre-
              vious use.

       --ftp-create-dirs
              (FTP/SFTP) When an FTP or SFTP URL/operation uses  a  path  that
              doesn't  currently exist on the server, the standard behavior of
              curl is to fail. Using this option, curl will instead attempt to
              create missing directories.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              directory creation.

       --ftp-method [method]
              (FTP) Control what method curl should use to reach a file  on  a
              FTP(S)  server.  The  method  argument  should  be  one  of  the
              following alternatives:

              multicwd
                     curl does a single CWD operation for each  path  part  in
                     the  given URL. For deep hierarchies this means very many
                     commands. This is how RFC1738 says  it  should  be  done.
                     This is the default but the slowest behavior.

              nocwd  curl  does  no  CWD at all. curl will do SIZE, RETR, STOR
                     etc and give a full path to the server for all these com-
                     mands. This is the fastest behavior.

              singlecwd
                     curl does one CWD with the full target directory and then
                     operates on the file "normally"  (like  in  the  multicwd
                     case).  This  is  somewhat  more standards compliant than
                     'nocwd' but without the full penalty of 'multicwd'.

       --ftp-pasv
              (FTP) Use PASV when transferring. PASV is the  internal  default
              behavior, but using this option can be used to override a previ-
              ous --ftp-port option. (Added in 7.11.0)

              If this option is used several times, the following  occurrences
              make no difference.

       --ftp-alternative-to-user <command>
              (FTP)  If  authenticating with the USER and PASS commands fails,
              send this  command.   When  connecting  to  Tumbleweed's  Secure
              Transport  server  over  FTPS  using a client certificate, using
              "SITE AUTH" will tell the server to retrieve the  username  from
              the certificate. (Added in 7.15.5)

       --ftp-skip-pasv-ip
              (FTP) Tell curl to not use the IP address the server suggests in
              its response to curl's PASV command when curl connects the  data
              connection.  Instead  curl  will  re-use  the same IP address it
              already uses for the control connection. (Added in 7.14.2)

              This option has no effect if PORT, EPRT or EPSV is used  instead
              of PASV.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again use the
              server's suggested address.

       --ftp-ssl
              (FTP) Try to use SSL/TLS for the FTP connection.  Reverts  to  a
              non-secure  connection  if  the  server doesn't support SSL/TLS.
              See also --ftp-ssl-control and --ftp-ssl-reqd for different lev-
              els of encryption required. (Added in 7.11.0)

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              this.

       --ftp-ssl-control
              (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the ftp  login,  clear  for  transfer.
              Allows  secure  authentication, but non-encrypted data transfers
              for efficiency.  Fails the transfer if the server  doesn't  sup-
              port SSL/TLS.  (Added in 7.16.0)

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              this.

       --ftp-ssl-reqd
              (FTP) Require SSL/TLS for the FTP  connection.   Terminates  the
              connection  if  the  server  doesn't support SSL/TLS.  (Added in
              7.15.5)

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              this.

       --ftp-ssl-ccc
              (FTP)  Use  CCC  (Clear  Command Channel) Shuts down the SSL/TLS
              layer after authenticating. The rest of the control channel com-
              munication  will be unencrypted. This allows NAT routers to fol-
              low the FTP transaction. The default mode is passive. See --ftp-
              ssl-ccc-mode for other modes.  (Added in 7.16.1)

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              this.

       --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode [active/passive]
              (FTP) Use CCC (Clear Command Channel) Sets  the  CCC  mode.  The
              passive  mode  will  not initiate the shutdown, but instead wait
              for the server to do it, and will not reply to the shutdown from
              the server. The active mode initiates the shutdown and waits for
              a reply from the server.  (Added in 7.16.2)

       -F/--form <name=content>
              (HTTP) This lets curl emulate a filled in form in which  a  user
              has  pressed  the  submit  button. This causes curl to POST data
              using the Content-Type multipart/form-data according to RFC1867.
              This  enables  uploading of binary files etc. To force the 'con-
              tent' part to be a file, prefix the file name with an @ sign. To
              just get the content part from a file, prefix the file name with
              the letter <. The difference between @ and  <  is  then  that  @
              makes  a  file  get attached in the post as a file upload, while
              the < makes a text field and just get the contents for that text
              field from a file.

              Example,  to send your password file to the server, where 'pass-
              word' is the name of the form-field to which /etc/passwd will be
              the input:

              curl -F password=@/etc/passwd www.mypasswords.com

              To  read  the file's content from stdin instead of a file, use -
              where the file name should've been. This goes for both @  and  <
              constructs.

              You  can  also  tell  curl  what  Content-Type  to  use by using
              'type=', in a manner similar to:

              curl -F "web=@index.html;type=text/html" url.com

              or

              curl -F "name=daniel;type=text/foo" url.com

              You can also explicitly change the name field of an file  upload
              part by setting filename=, like this:

              curl -F "file=@localfile;filename=nameinpost" url.com

              See further examples and details in the MANUAL.

              This option can be used multiple times.

       --form-string <name=string>
              (HTTP)  Similar  to  --form except that the value string for the
              named parameter is used literally. Leading '@' and  '<'  charac-
              ters, and the ';type=' string in the value have no special mean-
              ing. Use this in preference to --form if there's any possibility
              that  the  string  value may accidentally trigger the '@' or '<'
              features of --form.

       -g/--globoff
              This option switches off the "URL globbing parser". When you set
              this  option, you can specify URLs that contain the letters {}[]
              without having them being interpreted by curl itself. Note  that
              these  letters are not normal legal URL contents but they should
              be encoded according to the URI standard.

       -G/--get
              When used,  this  option  will  make  all  data  specified  with
              -d/--data  or  --data-binary  to  be  used in a HTTP GET request
              instead of the POST request that otherwise would  be  used.  The
              data will be appended to the URL with a '?'  separator.

              If  used  in  combination with -I, the POST data will instead be
              appended to the URL with a HEAD request.

              If this option is used several times, the following  occurrences
              make no difference.

       -h/--help
              Usage help.

       -H/--header <header>
              (HTTP)  Extra  header  to  use  when getting a web page. You may
              specify any number of extra headers. Note that if you should add
              a  custom  header  that has the same name as one of the internal
              ones curl would use, your externally set  header  will  be  used
              instead of the internal one. This allows you to make even trick-
              ier stuff than curl would normally do. You  should  not  replace
              internally  set  headers  without  knowing  perfectly  well what
              you're doing. Remove an internal header by giving a  replacement
              without  content  on  the  right  side  of  the colon, as in: -H
              "Host:".

              curl will make sure that each header you  add/replace  get  sent
              with the proper end of line marker, you should thus not add that
              as a part of the header content: do not add newlines or carriage
              returns they will only mess things up for you.

              See also the -A/--user-agent and -e/--referer options.

              This  option  can  be  used multiple times to add/replace/remove
              multiple headers.

       --hostpubmd5
              Pass a string  containing  32  hexadecimal  digits.  The  string
              should  be  the 128 bit MD5 checksum of the remote host's public
              key, curl will refuse the connection with the  host  unless  the
              md5sums  match.  This option is only for SCP and SFTP transfers.
              (Added in 7.17.1)

       --ignore-content-length
              (HTTP) Ignore the Content-Length header.  This  is  particularly
              useful  for servers running Apache 1.x, which will report incor-
              rect Content-Length for files larger than 2 gigabytes.

       -i/--include
              (HTTP) Include the HTTP-header in the  output.  The  HTTP-header
              includes  things  like  server-name, date of the document, HTTP-
              version and more...

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              header include.

       --interface <name>
              Perform  an operation using a specified interface. You can enter
              interface name, IP address or host name. An example  could  look
              like:

               curl --interface eth0:1 http://www.netscape.com/

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -I/--head
              (HTTP/FTP/FILE) Fetch the HTTP-header only! HTTP-servers feature
              the  command  HEAD which this uses to get nothing but the header
              of a document. When used on a FTP or FILE  file,  curl  displays
              the file size and last modification time only.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              header only.

       -j/--junk-session-cookies
              (HTTP) When curl is told to read cookies from a given file, this
              option  will  make  it  discard all "session cookies". This will
              basically have the same effect as if a new session  is  started.
              Typical  browsers  always  discard  session cookies when they're
              closed down.

              If this option is used several times, each occurrence will  tog-
              gle this on/off.

       -k/--insecure
              (SSL)  This  option explicitly allows curl to perform "insecure"
              SSL connections and transfers. All SSL connections are attempted
              to  be  made secure by using the CA certificate bundle installed
              by default. This makes all connections considered "insecure"  to
              fail unless -k/--insecure is used.

              See     this    online    resource    for    further    details:
              http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html

              If this option is used twice, the second time will again disable
              it.

       --keepalive-time <seconds>
              This  option  sets  the  time  a connection needs to remain idle
              before sending keepalive probes and the time between  individual
              keepalive probes. It is currently effective on operating systems
              offering  the  TCP_KEEPIDLE  and  TCP_KEEPINTVL  socket  options
              (meaning  Linux, recent AIX, HP-UX and more). This option has no
              effect if --no-keepalive is used. (Added in 7.18.0)

              If this option is used multiple times, the last occurrence  sets
              the amount.
       --key <key>
              (SSL/SSH) Private key file name. Allows you to provide your pri-
              vate key in this separate file.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --key-type <type>
              (SSL)  Private key file type. Specify which type your --key pro-
              vided private key is. DER, PEM and ENG  are  supported.  If  not
              specified, PEM is assumed.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --krb <level>
              (FTP) Enable Kerberos authentication and use. The level must  be
              entered  and should be one of 'clear', 'safe', 'confidential' or
              'private'. Should you use a level that  is  not  one  of  these,
              'private' will instead be used.

              This  option  requires that the library was built with kerberos4
              or GSSAPI (GSS-Negotiate) support. This is not very common.  Use
              -V/--version to see if your curl supports it.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -K/--config <config file>
              Specify which config file to read curl arguments from. The  con-
              fig  file  is a text file in which command line arguments can be
              written which then will be used as if they were written  on  the
              actual command line. Options and their parameters must be speci-
              fied on the same config file line,  separated  by  white  space,
              colon,  the equals sign or any combination thereof (however, the
              preferred separator is the equals sign). If the parameter is  to
              contain  white  spaces,  the  parameter  must be enclosed within
              quotes. Within double quotes, the following escape sequences are
              available:  \\,  \", \t, \n, \r and \v. A backlash preceding any
              other letter is  ignored. If the first column of a  config  line
              is  a  '#'  character, the rest of the line will be treated as a
              comment. Only write one option per physical line in  the  config
              file.

              Specify the filename to -K/--config as '-' to make curl read the
              file from stdin.

              Note that to be able to specify a URL in the  config  file,  you
              need  to  specify  it  using the --url option, and not by simply
              writing the URL on its own line. So, it could  look  similar  to
              this:

              url = "http://curl.haxx.se/docs/"

              Long  option  names  can  optionally be given in the config file
              without the initial double dashes.

              When curl is invoked, it always (unless -q is used) checks for a
              default  config  file  and  uses it if found. The default config
              file is checked for in the following places in this order:

              1) curl tries to find the "home dir": It first  checks  for  the
              CURL_HOME and then the HOME environment variables. Failing that,
              it uses getpwuid() on unix-like systems (which returns the  home
              dir  given the current user in your system). On Windows, it then
              checks for the APPDATA variable, or as a last resort the '%USER-
              PROFILE%0lication Data'.

              2)  On  windows, if there is no _curlrc file in the home dir, it
              checks for one in the same dir the executable curl is placed. On
              unix-like  systems,  it will simply try to load .curlrc from the
              determined home dir.

              # --- Example file ---
              # this is a comment
              url = "curl.haxx.se"
              output = "curlhere.html"
              user-agent = "superagent/1.0"

              # and fetch another URL too
              url = "curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html"
              -O
              referer = "http://nowhereatall.com/"
              # --- End of example file ---

              This option can be used multiple times to load  multiple  config
              files.

       --libcurl <file>
              Append  this  option  to any ordinary curl command line, and you
              will get a libcurl-using source code written to  the  file  that
              does  the  equivalent operation of what your command line opera-
              tion does!

              NOTE: this does not properly support -F and the sending of  mul-
              tipart  formposts,  so in those cases the output program will be
              missing necessary calls to curl_formadd(3), and possibly more.

              If this option is used several times, the last given  file  name
              will be used. (Added in 7.16.1)

       --limit-rate <speed>
              Specify  the  maximum  transfer  rate you want curl to use. This
              feature is useful if you have a limited pipe and you'd like your
              transfer not use your entire bandwidth.

              The  given speed is measured in bytes/second, unless a suffix is
              appended.  Appending 'k' or 'K' will count the number  as  kilo-
              bytes,  'm'  or  M' makes it megabytes while 'g' or 'G' makes it
              gigabytes. Examples: 200K, 3m and 1G.

              The given rate is the average speed, counted during  the  entire
              transfer. It means that curl might use higher transfer speeds in
              short bursts, but over time it uses no more than the given rate.
              If  you  are also using the -Y/--speed-limit option, that option
              will  take  precedence  and  might  cripple  the   rate-limiting
              slightly, to help keeping the speed-limit logic working.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -l/--list-only
              (FTP) When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces a  name-
              only  view.   Especially useful if you want to machine-parse the
              contents of an FTP directory since  the  normal  directory  view
              doesn't use a standard look or format.

              This  option  causes  an  FTP NLST command to be sent.  Some FTP
              servers list only files in their response to NLST; they  do  not
              include subdirectories and symbolic links.

              If this option is used twice, the second will again disable list
              only.

       --local-port <num>[-num]
              Set a preferred number or range of local port numbers to use for
              the connection(s).  Note that port numbers by nature is a scarce
              resource that will be busy at times so  setting  this  range  to
              something  too  narrow  might cause unnecessary connection setup
              failures. (Added in 7.15.2)

       -L/--location
              (HTTP/HTTPS) If the server reports that the requested  page  has
              moved to a different location (indicated with a Location: header
              and a 3XX response code) this option will  make  curl  redo  the
              request  on the new place. If used together with -i/--include or
              -I/--head, headers from all requested pages will be shown.  When
              authentication  is  used, curl only sends its credentials to the
              initial host. If a redirect takes curl to a different  host,  it
              won't  be  able to intercept the user+password. See also --loca-
              tion-trusted on how to change this. You can limit the amount  of
              redirects to follow by using the --max-redirs option.

              When  curl follows a redirect and the request is not a plain GET
              (for example POST or PUT), it will do the following request with
              a GET if the HTTP response was 301, 302, or 303. If the response
              code was any other 3xx code, curl  will  re-send  the  following
              request using the same unmodified method.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              location following.

       --location-trusted
              (HTTP/HTTPS) Like -L/--location, but will allow sending the name
              +  password to all hosts that the site may redirect to. This may
              or may not introduce a security breach if the site redirects you
              do  a  site to which you'll send your authentication info (which
              is plaintext in the case of HTTP Basic authentication).

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              location following.

       --max-filesize <bytes>
              Specify  the  maximum  size (in bytes) of a file to download. If
              the file requested is larger than this value, the transfer  will
              not start and curl will return with exit code 63.

              NOTE:  The  file size is not always known prior to download, and
              for such files this option has no effect even if the file trans-
              fer  ends  up  being larger than this given limit. This concerns
              both FTP and HTTP transfers.

       -m/--max-time <seconds>
              Maximum time in seconds that you allow the  whole  operation  to
              take.   This is useful for preventing your batch jobs from hang-
              ing for hours due to slow networks or  links  going  down.   See
              also the --connect-timeout option.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -M/--manual
              Manual. Display the huge help text.

       -n/--netrc
              Makes curl scan the .netrc file in the user's home directory for
              login name and password. This is typically used for ftp on unix.
              If used with http, curl will  enable  user  authentication.  See
              netrc(4) or ftp(1) for details on the file format. Curl will not
              complain if that file hasn't the right  permissions  (it  should
              not  be  world  nor  group  readable).  The environment variable
              "HOME" is used to find the home directory.

              A quick and very simple example of how  to  setup  a  .netrc  to
              allow  curl to ftp to the machine host.domain.com with user name
              'myself' and password 'secret' should look similar to:

              machine host.domain.com login myself password secret

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              netrc usage.

       --netrc-optional
              Very  similar to --netrc, but this option makes the .netrc usage
              optional and not mandatory as the --netrc does.

       --negotiate
              (HTTP) Enables GSS-Negotiate authentication.  The  GSS-Negotiate
              method was designed by Microsoft and is used in their web appli-
              cations. It is  primarily  meant  as  a  support  for  Kerberos5
              authentication but may be also used along with another authenti-
              cation methods. For  more  information  see  IETF  draft  draft-
              brezak-spnego-http-04.txt.

              If  you  want to enable Negotiate for your proxy authentication,
              then use --proxy-negotiate.

              This option requires that the library was built with GSSAPI sup-
              port.  This  is not very common. Use -V/--version to see if your
              version supports GSS-Negotiate.

              When using this option, you must also provide a  fake  -u/--user
              option  to  activate the authentication code properly. Sending a
              '-u :' is enough as the user  name  and  password  from  the  -u
              option aren't actually used.

              If  this option is used several times, the following occurrences
              make no difference.

       -N/--no-buffer
              Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal work sit-
              uations,  curl  will  use a standard buffered output stream that
              will have the effect that it will output the data in chunks, not
              necessarily  exactly  when  the data arrives.  Using this option
              will disable that buffering.

              If this option is used twice, the second will  again  switch  on
              buffering.

       --no-keepalive
              Disables the use of keepalive messages on the TCP connection, as
              by default curl enables them.

              If this option is used  twice,  the  second  will  again  enable
              keepalive.

       --no-sessionid
              (SSL)  Disable curl's use of SSL session-ID caching.  By default
              all transfers are done using the cache. Note that while  nothing
              ever  should  get  hurt  by attempting to reuse SSL session-IDs,
              there seem to be broken SSL implementations in the wild that may
              require  you to disable this in order for you to succeed. (Added
              in 7.16.0)

              If this option is used twice, the second will  again  switch  on
              use of the session cache.

       --ntlm (HTTP)  Enables  NTLM  authentication.  The  NTLM authentication
              method was designed by Microsoft and is used by IIS web servers.
              It is a proprietary protocol, reversed engineered by clever peo-
              ple and implemented in curl based on their efforts. This kind of
              behavior  should  not be endorsed, you should encourage everyone
              who uses NTLM to switch to a public and  documented  authentica-
              tion method instead. Such as Digest.

              If  you  want to enable NTLM for your proxy authentication, then
              use --proxy-ntlm.

              This option requires that the library was built  with  SSL  sup-
              port. Use -V/--version to see if your curl supports NTLM.

              If  this option is used several times, the following occurrences
              make no difference.

       -o/--output <file>
              Write output to <file> instead of stdout. If you are using {} or
              []  to  fetch  multiple documents, you can use '#' followed by a
              number in the <file> specifier. That variable will  be  replaced
              with the current string for the URL being fetched. Like in:

                curl http://{one,two}.site.com -o "file_#1.txt"

              or use several variables like:

                curl http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com -o "#1_#2"

              You  may  use  this  option  as many times as you have number of
              URLs.

              See also the --create-dirs option to create the  local  directo-
              ries dynamically.

       -O/--remote-name
              Write  output to a local file named like the remote file we get.
              (Only the file part of the remote file is used, the path is  cut
              off.)

              The  remote  file  name  to use for saving is extracted from the
              given URL, nothing else.

              You may use this option as many times  as  you  have  number  of
              URLs.

       --pass <phrase>
              (SSL/SSH) Pass phrase for the private key

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --post301
              Tells curl to respect  RFC  2616/10.3.2  and  not  convert  POST
              requests into GET requests when following a 301 redirection. The
              non-RFC behaviour is ubiquitous in web browsers,  so  curl  does
              the  conversion  by  default to maintain consistency. However, a
              server may requires a POST to remain a POST after such  a  redi-
              rection. This option is meaningful only when using -L/--location
              (Added in 7.17.1)

       --proxy-anyauth
              Tells curl to pick a suitable authentication method when  commu-
              nicating  with  the  given  proxy.  This  might  cause  an extra
              request/response round-trip. (Added in 7.13.2)

              If this option is used twice, the second will again disable  the
              proxy use-any authentication.

       --proxy-basic
              Tells  curl  to use HTTP Basic authentication when communicating
              with the given proxy. Use --basic for enabling HTTP Basic with a
              remote  host.  Basic  is  the default authentication method curl
              uses with proxies.

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              proxy HTTP Basic authentication.

       --proxy-digest
              Tells  curl to use HTTP Digest authentication when communicating
              with the given proxy. Use --digest for enabling HTTP Digest with
              a remote host.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              proxy HTTP Digest.

       --proxy-negotiate
              Tells curl to use HTTP Negotiate authentication when communicat-
              ing  with  the  given  proxy.  Use --negotiate for enabling HTTP
              Negotiate with a remote host.

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              proxy HTTP Negotiate. (Added in 7.17.1)

       --proxy-ntlm
              Tells  curl  to  use HTTP NTLM authentication when communicating
              with the given proxy. Use --ntlm for enabling NTLM with a remote
              host.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              proxy HTTP NTLM.
       -p/--proxytunnel
              When an HTTP proxy is used (-x/--proxy), this option will  cause
              non-HTTP  protocols  to  attempt  to  tunnel  through  the proxy
              instead of merely using it to do HTTP-like operations. The  tun-
              nel  approach  is  made  with the HTTP proxy CONNECT request and
              requires that the proxy allows direct connect to the remote port
              number curl wants to tunnel through to.

              If  this  option  is  used  twice, the second will again disable
              proxy tunnel.

       --pubkey <key>
              (SSH) Public key file name. Allows you to  provide  your  public
              key in this separate file.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       -P/--ftp-port <address>
              (FTP) Reverses the initiator/listener roles when connecting with
              ftp.  This  switch  makes  Curl  use the PORT command instead of
              PASV. In practise, PORT tells  the  server  to  connect  to  the
              client's  specified address and port, while PASV asks the server
              for an ip address and port to connect to.  <address>  should  be
              one of:

              interface
                     i.e  "eth0"  to  specify which interface's IP address you
                     want to use  (Unix only)

              IP address
                     i.e "192.168.10.1" to specify exact IP number

              host name
                     i.e "my.host.domain" to specify machine

              -      make curl pick the same IP address that is  already  used
                     for the control connection

       If  this  option is used several times, the last one will be used. Dis-
       able the use of PORT with --ftp-pasv. Disable the attempt  to  use  the
       EPRT  command  instead  of PORT by using --disable-eprt. EPRT is really
       PORT++.

       -q     If used as the first parameter on the command line,  the  curlrc
              config  file  will not be read and used. See the -K/--config for
              details on the default config file search path.

       -Q/--quote <command>
              (FTP/SFTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP  or  SFTP
              server.  Quote  commands  are sent BEFORE the transfer is taking
              place (just after the initial PWD command in an FTP transfer, to
              be exact). To make commands take place after a successful trans-
              fer, prefix them with a dash '-'.  To  make  commands  get  sent
              after  libcurl  has  changed  working directory, just before the
              transfer command(s), prefix the command with '+' (this  is  only
              supported  for  FTP). You may specify any number of commands. If
              the server returns failure for one of the commands,  the  entire
              operation  will  be aborted. You must send syntactically correct
              FTP commands as RFC959 defines to FTP servers,  or  one  of  the
              following commands (with appropriate arguments) to SFTP servers:
              chgrp, chmod, chown, ln, mkdir, pwd, rename, rm, rmdir, symlink.

              This option can be used multiple times.

       --random-file <file>
              (SSL) Specify the path name to file containing what will be con-
              sidered as random data. The data is  used  to  seed  the  random
              engine for SSL connections.  See also the --egd-file option.

       -r/--range <range>
              (HTTP/FTP/FILE)  Retrieve  a byte range (i.e a partial document)
              from a HTTP/1.1, FTP server or a local FILE. Ranges can be spec-
              ified in a number of ways.

              0-499     specifies the first 500 bytes

              500-999   specifies the second 500 bytes

              -500      specifies the last 500 bytes

              9500-     specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and forward

              0-0,-1    specifies the first and last byte only(*)(H)

              500-700,600-799
                        specifies 300 bytes from offset 500(H)

              100-199,500-599
                        specifies two separate 100 bytes ranges(*)(H)

       (*)  =  NOTE  that this will cause the server to reply with a multipart
       response!

       Only digit characters (0-9) are valid in 'start' and  'stop'  of  range
       syntax  'start-stop'.  If  a non-digit character is given in the range,
       the server's response will be indeterminable,  depending  on  different
       server's configuration.

       You  should  also  be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this
       feature enabled, so that when  you  attempt  to  get  a  range,  you'll
       instead get the whole document.

       FTP  range  downloads  only  support  the  simple  syntax  'start-stop'
       (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). It depends on the non-RFC
       command SIZE.

       If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --raw  When  used, it disables all internal HTTP decoding of content or
              transfer encodings and instead makes them passed  on  unaltered,
              raw. (Added in 7.16.2)

              If  this  option  is used several times, each occurrence toggles
              this on/off.

       -R/--remote-time
              When used, this will make libcurl  attempt  to  figure  out  the
              timestamp  of the remote file, and if that is available make the
              local file get that same timestamp.

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  time  disables  this
              again.

       --retry <num>
              If  a  transient  error is returned when curl tries to perform a
              transfer, it will retry this number of times before  giving  up.
              Setting  the  number to 0 makes curl do no retries (which is the
              default). Transient error means either: a timeout,  an  FTP  5xx
              response code or an HTTP 5xx response code.

              When  curl  is about to retry a transfer, it will first wait one
              second and then for all forthcoming retries it will  double  the
              waiting  time until it reaches 10 minutes which then will be the
              delay between the rest of the retries.  By  using  --retry-delay
              you   disable  this  exponential  backoff  algorithm.  See  also
              --retry-max-time to limit the total time  allowed  for  retries.
              (Added in 7.12.3)

              If  this  option  is  used  multiple  times, the last occurrence
              decide the amount.

       --retry-delay <seconds>
              Make curl sleep this amount of time between each  retry  when  a
              transfer  has  failed  with  a  transient  error (it changes the
              default backoff time algorithm between retries). This option  is
              only  interesting if --retry is also used. Setting this delay to
              zero will make curl use the default  backoff  time.   (Added  in
              7.12.3)

              If  this  option  is  used  multiple  times, the last occurrence
              decide the amount.

       --retry-max-time <seconds>
              The retry timer is reset  before  the  first  transfer  attempt.
              Retries will be done as usual (see --retry) as long as the timer
              hasn't reached this given limit. Notice that if the timer hasn't
              reached  the  limit, the request will be made and while perform-
              ing, it may take longer than this given time period. To limit  a
              single  request's  maximum  time,  use  -m/--max-time.  Set this
              option to zero to not timeout retries. (Added in 7.12.3)

              If this option is  used  multiple  times,  the  last  occurrence
              decide the amount.

       -s/--silent
              Silent mode. Don't show progress meter or error messages.  Makes
              Curl mute.

              If this option is used twice,  the  second  will  again  disable
              silent mode.

       -S/--show-error
              When  used with -s it makes curl show error message if it fails.
              If this option is used twice, the second will again disable show
              error.

       --socks4 <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS4 proxy. If the port number is not speci-
              fied, it is assumed at port 1080. (Added in 7.15.2)

              This option overrides any previous use of  -x/--proxy,  as  they
              are mutually exclusive.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --socks4a <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS4a proxy. If the port number is not spec-
              ified, it is assumed at port 1080. (Added in 7.18.0)

              This  option  overrides  any previous use of -x/--proxy, as they
              are mutually exclusive.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.

       --socks5-hostname <host[:port]>
              Use  the  specified  SOCKS5 proxy (and let the proxy resolve the
              host name). If the port number is not specified, it  is  assumed
              at port 1080. (Added in 7.18.0)

              This  option  overrides  any previous use of -x/--proxy, as they
              are mutually exclusive.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
              (This  option  was  previously  wrongly  documented  and used as
              --socks without the number appended.)

       --socks5 <host[:port]>
              Use the specified SOCKS5 proxy  -  but  resolve  the  host  name
              locally.  If  the port number is not specified, it is assumed at
              port 1080.

              This option overrides any previous use of  -x/--proxy,  as  they
              are mutually exclusive.

              If this option is used several times, the last one will be used.
              (This option was  previously  wrongly  documented  and  used  as
              --socks wit                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     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